Journal: Molecular Neurobiology

Article Title: Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem Cell–Derived Exosomes Enhance Microglia M2 Polarization via the FGFR1/PLCγ1 Axis to Alleviate Alzheimer’s Disease

doi: 10.1007/s12035-026-05797-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: OM-MSCs-Exo polarizes microglia toward the M2 phenotype. A IF staining was performed to determine the co-localization positivity rate of the microglial marker IBA1 with CD86 and CD206, respectively. B The mRNA level of iNOS, IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α, Arg1, IL-10, and TGF-β. The normality of data was assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Subsequently, comparisons among multiple groups were performed using one-way ANOVA, with Tukey’s test applied for post hoc analysis

Article Snippet: According to the instruction manuals of the mouse interleukin (IL)−1β (CSB-E08054m; Cusabio), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (CSB-E04741m; Cusabio), IL-6 (CSB-E04639m; Cusabio), and Aβ 1–42 (CSB-E10787m; Cusabio) detection kits, the corresponding molecular levels in cells or tissues were measured.

Techniques: Staining, Marker

Journal: Molecular Neurobiology

Article Title: Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem Cell–Derived Exosomes Enhance Microglia M2 Polarization via the FGFR1/PLCγ1 Axis to Alleviate Alzheimer’s Disease

doi: 10.1007/s12035-026-05797-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: OM-MSCs-Exo-delivered FGFR1 induced the M2 polarization in microglial cells. A IF staining of IBA1. B PKH26-labeled Exo was taken up by microglial cells. C The p-FGFR1 and FGFR1 expression of microglial cells was analyzed by WB. D The FGFR1 level of OM-MSCs-Exo was assessed by RT-qPCR and WB. E The FGFR1 expression was analyzed by RT-qPCR in microglial cells. F The FGFR1 expression was analyzed by WB in microglial cells. G IF staining of IBA1, CD86, and CD206. H The level of iNOS, IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α, Arg1, IL-10, and TGF-β ( n = 3). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Normality was confirmed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Thereafter, data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA (followed by Tukey’s post hoc test) for multiple-group comparisons or with an unpaired two-tailed t -test for comparisons between two groups

Article Snippet: According to the instruction manuals of the mouse interleukin (IL)−1β (CSB-E08054m; Cusabio), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (CSB-E04741m; Cusabio), IL-6 (CSB-E04639m; Cusabio), and Aβ 1–42 (CSB-E10787m; Cusabio) detection kits, the corresponding molecular levels in cells or tissues were measured.

Techniques: Staining, Labeling, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Molecular Neurobiology

Article Title: Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem Cell–Derived Exosomes Enhance Microglia M2 Polarization via the FGFR1/PLCγ1 Axis to Alleviate Alzheimer’s Disease

doi: 10.1007/s12035-026-05797-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: OM-MSCs-Exo induced M2-polarized microglial cells through FGFR1 delivery, resulting in attenuated neuronal inflammation. A CCK8 assay in HT-22 and SH-SY5Y cells. B The apoptosis rate of HT-22 and SH-SY5Y cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. C IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels of HT-22 and SH-SY5Y cells. The HT-22 cells in the Co-control group, Co-Aβ 1–42 group, Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo group, Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−NC group, and Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−FGFR1 group were co-cultured with the corresponding BV2 cells for 24 h. The SH-SY5Y cells in the Co-control group, Co-Aβ 1–42 group, Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo group, Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−NC group, and Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−FGFR1 group were co-cultured with the corresponding HMC3 cells for 24 h ( n = 3). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Normality was confirmed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Thereafter, data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA (followed by Tukey’s post hoc test) for multiple-group comparisons

Article Snippet: According to the instruction manuals of the mouse interleukin (IL)−1β (CSB-E08054m; Cusabio), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (CSB-E04741m; Cusabio), IL-6 (CSB-E04639m; Cusabio), and Aβ 1–42 (CSB-E10787m; Cusabio) detection kits, the corresponding molecular levels in cells or tissues were measured.

Techniques: CCK-8 Assay, Flow Cytometry, Control, Cell Culture

Journal: Molecular Neurobiology

Article Title: Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem Cell–Derived Exosomes Enhance Microglia M2 Polarization via the FGFR1/PLCγ1 Axis to Alleviate Alzheimer’s Disease

doi: 10.1007/s12035-026-05797-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: OM-MSCs-Exo delivered FGFR1 to interact with PLCγ1 in microglia, suppressing the inflammatory response of co-cultured HT-22 and SH-SY5Y cells. A CCK8 assay in HT-22 and SH-SY5Y cells. B The apoptosis rate of neurons cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. C IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels of HT-22 and SH-SY5Y cells. The HT-22 cells in the Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−NC group, Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−FGFR1 group, Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−FGFR1 + si-NC group, and Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−FGFR1 + si-PLCγ1 group were co-cultured with the corresponding BV2 cells for 24 h. The SH-SY5Y cells in the Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−NC group, Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−FGFR1 group, Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−FGFR1 + si-NC group, and Co-Aβ 1–42 + OM-MSCs-Exo oe−FGFR1 + si-PLCγ1 group were co-cultured with the corresponding HMC3 cells for 24 h ( n = 3). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Normality was confirmed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Thereafter, data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA (followed by Tukey’s post hoc test) for multiple-group comparisons

Article Snippet: According to the instruction manuals of the mouse interleukin (IL)−1β (CSB-E08054m; Cusabio), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (CSB-E04741m; Cusabio), IL-6 (CSB-E04639m; Cusabio), and Aβ 1–42 (CSB-E10787m; Cusabio) detection kits, the corresponding molecular levels in cells or tissues were measured.

Techniques: Cell Culture, CCK-8 Assay, Flow Cytometry

Journal: Molecular Neurobiology

Article Title: Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem Cell–Derived Exosomes Enhance Microglia M2 Polarization via the FGFR1/PLCγ1 Axis to Alleviate Alzheimer’s Disease

doi: 10.1007/s12035-026-05797-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: OM-MSCs-Exo alleviated cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation in AD mice through FGFR1. A Swimming distance, swimming time, number of platform arrivals, and latency to first entry ( n = 6). B The hippocampal tissues of mice were stained with HE. C Nissl staining was performed in the hippocampus of mice. D TUNEL assay. E Data plot of the TUNEL assay. F Levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in mice hippocampus. G WB analysis of Aβ, p-Tau/Tau in mice hippocampus. H Aβ 1–42 levels were detected. I FGFR1 and PLCγ1 levels were measured. J Levels of p-NF-κB/NF-κB. K , L IF staining of CD86 and CD206 in mice hippocampus. M Levels of microglia M1 and M2 polarization–related factors in mice hippocampus ( n = 5). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Normality was confirmed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Thereafter, data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA (followed by Tukey’s post hoc test) for multiple-group comparisons

Article Snippet: According to the instruction manuals of the mouse interleukin (IL)−1β (CSB-E08054m; Cusabio), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (CSB-E04741m; Cusabio), IL-6 (CSB-E04639m; Cusabio), and Aβ 1–42 (CSB-E10787m; Cusabio) detection kits, the corresponding molecular levels in cells or tissues were measured.

Techniques: Staining, TUNEL Assay

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: N -Benzylpyrrolidine Compounds with MAO-B Inhibitory Activity in an Experimental Model of Parkinson’s Disease

doi: 10.3390/ijms27052496

Figure Lengend Snippet: IL-beta and TNF-α measured in veh, sel, 3e , 3f and 3i (n = 8) under C and MPTP conditions in mice; ** p = 0.005, C- 3f vs. C-veh, *** p < 0. 001, MPTP- 3e vs. MPTP-veh ( A ); ** p = 0.004, C- 3e vs. C-veh, *** p < 0.001, C- 3f vs. C-veh, *** p < 0.001 C- 3i vs. C-veh, ** p = 0.004, MPTP- 3e vs. MPTP-veh ( B ).

Article Snippet: The pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha) and IL-1β (interleukin-1 beta) were quantified using ELISA kits: Mouse TNF-α ELISA Kit (E-EL-M3063) and Mouse IL-1β ELISA Kit (E-EL-M0037) (Elabscience Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Houston, TX, USA).

Techniques: